Insurance Coverage For IVF - Why It's So Hard to Find

Your employer's health insurance plan does not cover IVF. You are on a quest to find individual coverage to help pay for your In Vitro Fertilization treatments. You find lots of search results promising that elusive lead; to a real website offering real health insurance coverage for IVF. But you keep coming up empty, even though you keep coming across plenty of ads and links hinting at an answer. What's going on? To find the answer, and figure out what real options really exist you must FOLLOW THE MONEY.

It pays to think like an average consumer, an employer, and an insurance company when searching for that elusive answer: is there any insurance company that will provide coverage for my infertility treatments? Does your employer's insurance plan not provide IVF coverage? Have you found it impossible to find individual insurance plans to cover any portion of your infertility and/or IVF costs? Follow the money, and you will understand why you can't find coverage, why there are so many blind alleys, and what real options really exist.

Why Does Group Health Insurance Rarely Cover In Vitro

Most group health insurance plans rarely cover IVF treatments - unless they are compelled to by state mandate. The reason is simple: most employees don't need infertility treatments, but they do want to pay the lowest insurance premiums possible. Plans without infertilty coverage cost less than those that do. Health care costs are skyrocketing, and many businesses and their employees can barely afford the premiums for plans without infertiliity coverage. When given the option, most will choose a plan without IVF coverage.

That choice is made unless your state mandates that people buy health insurance with infertility and/or IVF coverage. In other words, you can get affordable coverage if your state forces your co-workers to underwrite the cost of your IVF treatments. This is the case in fifteen states. But even these laws contain loopholes which many employers elect to use; because they want to keep costs low.

Why Individual Health Plans Rarely Cover IVF

Individual plans rarely cover infertility and In Vitro Fertilization because they are subject to the same market forces noted above. Most people do not need infertility coverage, but they are looking for the most affordable plan.

The only people likely to buy an individual plan with fertility coverage are couples who need it. The insurance carrier wants to make a profit and charges accordingly. The costs are so high that nobody buys it.

Why So Many Blind Alleys?

You type "Health Insurance for IVF" into your search engine and lots of listings pop up. When you click on the link, you find an informational site with lots of ads promising coverage. You click on the ads, and complete a web form for insurance coverage. An agent contacts you, but when you explain that you are looking for IVF coverage, they can't help. Sound familiar?

Internet marketers know what you are looking for. Insurance agents want to make a sale, and pay internet marketers for leads; not always knowing you want coverage for IVF. So the agents pay for leads they can't fulfill, and you get frustrated by a blind alley. Only the marketer comes out ahead.

What Options Really Exist

Sorry but there are not many programs that will cover your direct IVF costs. There are rebate programs that will refund a portion of your costs if you fail to conceive and/or deliver. You can deduct a portion of your costs on your taxes, or use your flexible spending account at work for larger savings.

You can also use supplemental health insurance. Your benefit for normal delivery may greatly exceed the premium you pay. Use the surplus to offset your IVF costs. You also are protected in case of complications, and multiple births. You do need to purchase coverage before getting pregnant.

Why Health Insurance Maternity Coverage is So Important

Long gone are the days when you could have a baby at home with the assistance of just a midwife and a few warm towels. Being pregnant and having a baby is huge business, and an increasingly dangerous proposition, and if you aren't covered by some sort of health insurance maternity coverage, you may find your newborn baby costing you a lot more than you had anticipated.

Of course, it is all but impossible to try and go get health insurance maternity coverage once you are already pregnant, so if you are trying to get pregnant or see the possibility of it in your future, then you need to get your medical insurance policy immediately. Even if you aren't pregnant yet, you may find that there is a waiting period after you have signed up for your policy, which would prevent coverage for you if you became pregnant during the first few months.

Finally, the type of health insurance maternity coverage that you get is vitally important, especially if you are looking to work with one particular OB/GYN or hospital. You will be going for many tests, procedures, and check-ups during the time you are pregnant, and you will still require care after you are pregnant (as will your baby), so it is worth it to spend the time to find a policy that allows you to see who you want and when you want. Obviously, you will also want a policy that has the lowest possible deductible for each visit to the doctor.

So, take the time before you get pregnant to do your research and start shopping around for health insurance maternity coverage as soon as you can. Having a baby without any kind of medical insurance is a price that you just don't want to pay.

Pregnancy Pops - Sweet Relief From Morning Sickness!

Nausea, vomiting, and a heightened sense of smell, are all symptoms of morning sickness in pregnant women. Though morning sickness is the general term used to describe all these symptoms, in actuality the "sickness" can happen at any time of day or night. For most women, morning sickness usually starts around the 4th week of pregnancy and tapers off around the 12th week, or after the first trimester. There are several different ways to find relief from those queasy feelings, but the most fun and tasty way to do this is to suck on pregnancy pops.

Pregnancy pops are lollipops made with all natural ingredients and are a drug free way to help ease morning sickness. There are several different brands of these sweet treats, but the most well known are Preggie Pops by a company called Three Lollies, LLC. Being in the health field, the founders saw how nausea could create such a negative impact on people's lives and upon doing some research, found that many women wanted a more natural ways of dealing with symptoms. The product they came up with was Preggie Pops and they have received great feedback from both health care professionals and their patients.

Preggie Pops come in several different boxes, each containing seven lollipops. The flavors in each pack are as follows:

• Variety Pack - Peppermint, Spearmint, Lavender, Ginger, Sour Lemon, Sour Tangerine, Sour Raspberry


• Sour Fruits - Sour Lemon, Sour Tangerine, Sour Raspberry


• Natural Ginger


• Natural Mint - Peppermint, Spearmint

It is highly recommended that first time buyers, get the Variety Pack as it allows you to sample each flavor to decide which one works best for your symptoms.

You may be wondering how such a seemingly simple product can help with morning sickness. The answer is in the high quality ingredients used in the lollipops. They are designed to soothe the stomach, alter negative taste sensations, and they smell good which may help those with a heightened sense of smell that may be contributing to morning sickness. Ingredients like mint, lavender, and ginger have been used throughout history to help digestion and ease stomach distress. A lot of women also find that sour flavors help to ease nausea.

All the hormonal activity during pregnancy as well as the need to eat more can cause low blood sugar in pregnant women. Sucking on pregnancy pops can help with this symptom as well, because the natural sugars used in the lollipops are slowly delivered to the system.

Many women have found relief from morning sickness with pregnancy pops, but as with anything, what may work for one person may not work for another. If morning sickness continues to plague you or if in doubt, please do not hesitate to consult your healthcare professional. For many pregnant women, pregnancy pops may be the answer and it just goes to show that lollipops aren't just for kids!

Lithium Is Important for Everyone

Lithium is a trace metal that belongs to the family of alkali chemical elements. This is about using low dose over the counter lithium aspartate and lithium oratate. These are natural forms found at the health food store.

Can everyone tell the side effects of lithium lack?

Most clients describe to me a "flat line blah" feeling in their brain. They become easily angered when things don't go their way. They find it tough to enjoy or get excited over anything. Even when life is good they cannot figure out why they are not happy.

Is Lithium only for someone that has manic depression or bipolar issues?

The effects of Lithium are necessary for everyone. It is usually found in drinking water, yet some areas are extremely deficient. The effects of Lithium are not just for Bipolar or manic depressive issues. Sometimes the natural vitamin form of Lithium aspartate or oratate works where high dose prescriptions have given a bad reaction.

Lithium dosage explained:

Those utilizing low dose lithium aspartate or oratate feel that they are not depressed but lack pizazz in their lives. They see color but not its' vibrant attraction. They have a great life but don't really enjoy it. To me, that signals a trace mineral deficiency of Lithium that helps mild depression symptoms.

Over the counter natural lithium aspartate or oratate forms do not usually exceed a total of 20 mg. per day and are used for those that have had bad reactions to an anti-depressant, post natal depression symptoms and very low doses for the Blah Feeling and lack of enthusiasm towards life.

Therapeutic prescription lithium dosages can range around 300 to 2700 mg per day. They are used for manic depression and Bipolar and often cause a lithium toxicity level.

The higher intake amounts of Lithium, may want to check iodine levels as it helps the spreading of iodine evenly throughout the body. Keeping tabs on your Thyroid function is always a good thing especially when working on an Anti-Aging Program. Make sure you work with someone knowledgeable in the use of supplements or a Board Certified Anti-Aging, Regenerative and Functional Medicine MD.

What are the effects of Lithium in low doses?

Recent research has shown that low doses of Lithium preserves and renews our Brain Cells. Lithium aspartate and oratate are generally marketed as a dietary supplement. Low lithium dosages are used to help conditions such as:

• Stress


• Depression


• Alcohol Use


• ADD/ADHD


• Aggression


• PTSD


• Memory Problems


• Mood Swings


• Gout

Lithium dosage may increase brain function when taken on a daily basis. Lithium Aspartate can also be used as a natural treatment to help Thyroid problems. Lithium may sometimes be used as a parallel to any medication prescribed for anxiety, mood or depression. It protects against unwanted lithium toxicity effects and brain cell death.

The working hypothesis that researchers think is reasonable is that Lithium is turning on some of the Brain's growth signaling pathways and reversing some of the damage. Lithium is capable of increasing gray matter in the brain by 3% in just over 4 weeks of use (this from a Study at Wayne State University).

The need for small amounts may put back the vibrancy in colors and allow you to enjoy the life you have made for yourself. It is known to work rather quickly even in such low doses. If you feel you have more serious problems, consult your physician.

Causes and Treatment of Swollen Painful External and Internal Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are masses of swollen veins in the lower rectum or at the anus. The condition develops from increased pressure in the veins in the lower rectum most often caused by straining to have a bowel movement. Hemorrhoids are varicose veins -- that is, blood vessels that have become unusually swollen - hat show up in the rectal area. Hemorrhoids are typically anywhere from the size of a raisin to the size of a grape. Hemorrhoids are often itchy and can be very painful, especially in the first few days postpartum. You may find some bleeding in the rectal area especially after a bowel movement, this is normal.

Hemorrhoids are very common in both men and women, and about half of the population in the United States will suffer from hemorrhoids at least once by age fifty. Hemorrhoids are swollen veins and excess tissue in the lower rectum and anus. They can cause pain, bleeding, and itching. Hemorrhoids are common among pregnant women because the pressure of the fetus in the abdomen, as well as hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy, cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge.

External Hemorrhoids, however, are commonly associated with pain and itching as well as bleeding. Thus, most of the approximately 500,000 Americans who seek medical treatment for Hemorrhoids each year are afflicted with the external type of the swollen veins. External Hemorrhoids involve the veins outside the anus. They can be itchy or painful and can sometimes crack and bleed. External hemorrhoids may also be noticed by the presence of a small skin tag protruding from the anus or of a bulging vein type protusion around the anus.

Internal Hemorrhoids can range from small, swollen veins in the wall of the anal canal to large, sagging veins and tissue that bulge out of the anus all the time. Internal Hemorrhoids can be painful if they protrude all the time and are squeezed by the anal muscles, or if they are thrombosed, or clotted. Internal Hemorrhoids usually develop due to chronic constipation and are also prone to develop during a woman's pregnancy period. Internal Hemorrhoids often do not cause a visible lump or pain, but they can bleed. Bleeding from Internal Hemorrhoids typically occurs with bowel movements, causing blood-streaked stool or toilet paper.

Hemorrhoids treatment can be external or internal or both together depending on the nature of the condition. Medicated pads procurable commercially contain witch hazel, that is a natural astringent drug which can help relieve irritation and reduce swelling. A few people are sensitive to astringents as well as the painkillers carried in hemorrhoid cream, thus care should be exercised when using these products. Natural treatments, such as Venapro, have shown to be effective in controlling and reversing symptoms dramatically.

Keep Your Mood Swings In Check

We all have them from time to time, yo-yo moods. Happy and high in the morning, angry and aggressive in the afternoon, teary-eyed in the evening...

First of all, having mood swings doesn't automatically mean that you suffer from depression or bipolar disorder. Mood swings are extremely common.

In everyday life we are dealing with plenty of stressful situations, especially in current economic crisis - pressure to avoid job loss, to pay all your bills or even going through a job search if you are currently unemployed. Add to this some monumental changes like marriage or having kids, or moving away... You can see the picture.

Situations like these drain us emotionally and physically. We experience extreme irritability, anger, easily burst into tears. Even lack of sleep or unbalanced diet can affect your mood.

Statistically more women than men suffer from mood swings. PMS, pregnancy, post-natal depression, menopause, - basically, women go through more hormonal changes.

This leads us to possible causes of our mood swings. They are very similar to the causes of depression:

- Hormonal imbalance

- Chemical imbalance

- Extreme tiredness

- Imbalanced Diet

The fact is - most people won't admit to their doctor, that they suffer from mood swings, so they remain untreated although it's a highly treatable condition. Don't be afraid that your doctor will put you straight onto antidepressants. You might be surprised at how simple your treatment can be.

So what can we do to keep our mood swings in check?

1. Natural remedies like Valerian root, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Passion Flower, etc. which have some calming qualities (consult with a specialist before taking them).


2. Reduce the amount of simple carbohydrates from your food intake - white bread, cakes and cookies, sugar candies or chocolate bars. Overindulging in those causes a sugar rush in your blood, which gives you a quick high, but then your mood drops just as low.


3. Ensure you exercise and get plenty of fresh air. Your body will produce more endorphins (happy hormones) and you generally will have more energy.


4. Have sufficient sleep and take regular breaks from work.

If these simple rules can't help, you might want to try some sort of cognitive behavioural or talk therapy which will teach you how to react differently to your mood swings. It will also help you to identify your triggers and learn to avoid them.

If you think that your mood swings disrupt your life, and suspect something more serious, try to start a mood diary for a couple of weeks where you can write down your mood changes during the day and grade them (say, on a scale from 1 to 10).

Then, armed with your diary go to your doctor, and see what kind of diagnosis and treatment they can come up with.

Take care, guys, and as usual, please share your thoughts and experience!

Size of Your Belly During Pregnancy

Sometimes it seems for pregnant women that their belly is growing before their eyes, or, on the contrary, it's almost unnoticeable. Let's read experts comments on this question.

- Which factors sizes of belly during pregnancy depend on?

- Height of belly, i.e. height of uterus normally corresponds to the term of pregnancy. For example, on 32nd week of pregnancy it should be 32-33 cm. And volume of belly depends on a woman's individual peculiarities. Sometimes anatomic structure affects it: miniature women with slim pelvis have bigger belly, than tall women with full thighs have. But most of all growth of belly is connected with pregnant woman's general weight gaining. This is the factor which a woman should always pay attention to.

- Which weight gaining is considered to be normal?

- Every woman has her own individual norm. It depends on index of body mass, which can be calculated according to a special formula. Divide weight in kg on height in square meters. Normal index is from 19,8 to 25,9. If you're expecting twins, add at least 2,3-4,6 kg to this figures.
Majority of women gain 40% of weight during the first half of pregnancy, 60% - during the second. If a woman had normal weight before pregnancy, then in the first term she may gain 1,5-2 kg, during the second - 0,5 kg a week, and for the whole 9th month - no more than 0,5-1 kg. Weight should be increased evenly and little by little. Normal baby's development depends on this.

- What are the dangers of overweight?

- If a woman gained too much weight, both she and fetus may experience troubles. Excessive weight gaining - is one of the symptoms of late toxicosis, unhealthy state of a pregnant woman. Late toxicosis may lead to development of miscarriage threat. Under such circumstances, a woman begins feeling pains in waist and lower part of belly. In extremely serious cases premature delivery or premature placenta exfoliation may take place.

Moreover, overweight makes muscles work difficult. It also leads to edemas on feet, front abdominal wall, hands. Back and calf-leg muscles begin aching, blood circulation in legs' veins is gets broken, varicose disease becomes more intense. Pregnant woman gets tired more often and strong, becomes irritable. As for fetus, late toxicosis may cause chronic anoxaemia and even pre-natal death. Very full women's risk of such complications is higher.

- What can cause extremely quick weight gaining during pregnancy?

- Sometimes those who like eating well gain weight quickly. However, moderation in eating still does not guarantee normal weight. Too much liquid may accumulate in some women's organisms - for example, when kidneys work not well enough. So, if a pregnant woman gains weight too quickly, she should check quantity of liquid she drinks and evolves for day-and-night. Healthy woman evolves more liquid, than she drinks. And accumulation of liquid in organism leads to overweight. Then not only external organs, but also internal become swollen. Placentas' edemas are especially dangerous: they break normal fetus development.

- How can a pregnant woman get rid of edemas?

- While visiting maternity welfare centre, she should pay careful attention to recommendations concerning regimen of nutrition, which a doctor will give to her. As a rule, doctors advice all pregnant women to limit salt, piquant, fried and fat products consumption. The matter is that these products contribute to liquid accumulation in organism and lead to edemas. Once in 10 days it is recommended to arrange fasting days. Of course, this does not mean a pregnant woman should go without food. Hunger is categorically contra-indicated to a future mother. During fasting days a pregnant woman should restrict herself with certain products, for example, apples, cotton cheese, kefir, meat in strictly determined quantities. Moreover, she should observe confinement to bed - this improves liquid excretion out of organism. Diuretic herbs also help a lot. However, she should not restrict quantity of liquid drunken suddenly. She should drink no less than 1,2-1,5 liters per day-and-night.

- It turns out that it's rather simple to struggle with edemas?

- Unfortunately, not always. Weight gaining depends on kidneys' work in many aspects. Thus, for example, weight is gained quickly if a woman has chronic urolithiasis, chronic pyelonephritis. Sometimes pyelonephritis appears already during pregnancy. As hormonal background is changing during this period. Organism begins producing more of a hormone, contributing to urinary tracts dilation. And various infections come to kidneys through these open gates. That's why all pregnant women should pass bacteriological test of vagina's excretions, control urine analyses constantly.

- What if a pregnant woman has too big fetus and this explains her overweight?

- Such thing happens sometimes. But this may testify of another problem. Very often women suffering from diabetes have big fetus. If a woman herself was born being big, then she needs to check sugar content in blood and urine, as diabetes can proceed also in latent form. Sometimes diabetes appears already during pregnancy. Again because of hormonal background change. Such pregnant women are in a risk group - even if heightened sugar content was shown only on one of several tests. By the way, overweight during pregnancy often force obstetricians to use Cesarean section.

- On which terms sudden weight gaining is specially unwanted?

- Excess weight gaining is especially dangerous in the second half of pregnancy, to be more exact, since 20th week. And the earlier such complications happen, the more difficult confinement a woman will have.
That's why we recommend women to take care of their weight, take arterial pressure on both hands and urine tests. If a woman has late toxicosis, as a rule, her blood pressure increases and albumen appears in urine. If all 3 symptoms are found - edemas, heightened blood pressure and albumen in urine - a woman is urgently hospitalized.

- Probably my question will surprise you. Is it possible to "adjust" a size of fetus somehow?

- I think, yes. Balanced nutrition, including products, rich in animal and vegetable proteins, vitamins, minerals, is necessary for this. A woman should take vitamin preparations for sure. Of course, these are copy-book truths, but a woman observes these rules not always, for this or that reason.

- Apparently, size of belly depends also on quantity of amniotic fluids? Does liquid a woman drinks influence them?

- No. Reasons of excess of amniotic fluids are quite other: diabetes, anomalies of fetus development, Rhesus-conflict, infectious complications. If a woman has little amniotic fluids, this quite often means she will give birth to a post-mature baby.

- Probably, too small belly is better, than too big?

- No, I would not say that. Insufficient weight gaining often leads to defect of fetus development, giving birth to a very small baby, premature birth, and sometimes even to death of a new-born. Pregnant women should strive for "golden middle".
By the way, American scientists noticed that women with optimistic view on life give birth to babies of small weight less often. Experts explain that optimist women take care of their health better: do exercising regularly and eat well.

- Is there a straight dependence between a pregnant woman's emotional state and excess kilograms?

- Probably, there is. You know, being under stress situation, some women begin eating any food they see and emptying fridge. Here goes excess weight. And, on the contrary, other women just cannot eat at all in stress situation. That's why it's so important for close people and future mother herself to take care of her stable, calm emotional mood.

Approximate allocation of weight gained during pregnancy

Baby 3,5 kg

Placenta 0,675 kg

Amniotic fluid 0,8 kg

Increased uterus 0,9 kg

Breasts 0,45 kg

Volume of mother's blood 1,5 kg

Intracellular fluid of mother 1,4 kg

Adipose cellulose of mother 3,25 kg

GENERAL WEIGHT INCREASE 11,9 kg

Learning More About Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression, also known as postnatal depression usually occurs after childbirth. In rare cases, it may also occur during child bearing. This condition makes pregnant women irritable, sad, depressed and worried. Some women also experience extreme mood swings and anxiety. They become cranky and cry for no reason at all. Such symptoms should be dealt with very carefully. It is important that the family members provide all the required support. Doctors suggest that spouses and their families should learn how to deal with such situations. Counseling family members can help them cope with irritable mood swings and depression. This condition is primarily caused due to hormonal changes. It is a sensitive issue that is difficult to handle. Care and understanding is required. There are some other treatments and solutions for this condition.

Treatment And Solution For Postpartum Depression

o Counseling - This is the best treatment available. Psychotherapy sessions help a pregnant woman deal with their situation. She learns to handle her emotions and thereby control such extreme swings. The counseling is offered on a one-to-one basis to the woman and her family members. Several support groups arrange interactive sessions to deal with such pregnancy symptoms. It is advisable to consult a psychotherapist if the signs of irritability go beyond control and the pregnant woman feels melancholic all the time.

o Nutrition - Deficiency in nutrition may also lead to postpartum depression. However, there is no proof of good nutrition being instrumental in reducing this kind of depression. Nevertheless, a good and balanced diet will be beneficial for the mother as well as the baby. Pregnant women must include Omega 3 fatty acids, protein, vitamins, B vitamin and calcium in their diet. Consult your doctor for a balanced diet plan.

o Hormone Therapy - This is another solution for postpartum depression. The hormone Estrogen is responsible for such complications among women. A hormone replacement therapy may be the ideal solution. However, this treatment has some risk factors involved hence, it is important to consult your doctor.

o Medicines - There is medication for this condition if it becomes severe. Sometimes, the mother becomes extremely depressed and is not in a position to take care of the baby. This kind of situation requires the administration of anti-depressants. However, self medication can be dangerous. It is advisable to consult your doctor for treatment.

Sometimes postpartum depression can lead to suicidal tendencies in the mother. This condition needs urgent care and treatment. Read the warning signs and symptoms and start the treatment at once. Co-operation and care from family members can help the woman overcome this problem and lead a happy life.

High-Dose Vitamin D and the Decreased Incidence of Chronic Disease

It is well known that vitamin D deficiency is associated with osteoporosis, bone fracture, increased falls, muscle weakness, increased risk of certain cancers (particularly breast and colon, and possibly prostate), autoimmune diseases, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, schizophrenia, depression, asthma, lung dysfunction, influenza, kidney disease, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Even complications of pregnancy, preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension) and gestational diabetes, are associated with vitamin D deficiency. In infants, the vitamin's insufficiency has also been linked to low birth weight (caused by low levels from the mother during pregancy) neonatal hypocalcemia (low blood calcium), poor postnatal growth, bone fragility, and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases and childhood asthma.

Prevention of Osteoporosis

The standard recommended dose of 400 IU/day of vitamin D was in general to help maintain "good health," and to help reduce the risk of osteoporosis, falls, and hip fractures. Over the last 5 years, there has been an explosion of studies expanding our knowledge and indicating that higher doses have much more of an effect on overall health and on the prevention of various chronic diseases than just bone development and the prevention of osteoporosis. This was standard while I was practicing medicine to recommend calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D to women of menopausal age. However, I now recommend doses much higher than 400 IU/day.

Insulin Resistance

A common problem I saw in my medical practice, associated with aging and increased weight was insulin resistance, which often led to metabolic syndrome or full-blow Type 2 diabetes. To help reduce the risk of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance I would encourage my patients to maintain a low-glycemic diet, exercise at least 4 times a week, and be on a broad spectrum nutritional supplementation program. Often this made the difference for people who took it seriously and made significant changes.

Insulin resistance begins with oxidation of insulin receptors. Anything that cause more oxidation, and therefore more inflammation, can lead to insulin resistance, and ultimatley Type 2 diabetes. Continued consumption of high-glycemic food (simple sugars and starches) will damage insulin receptors via inflammation/oxidation. With continued oxidation and inflammation of insulin receptors full-blown Type 2 diabetes develops. Lately, it has been discovered that vitamin D deficiency is a contributing cause to insulin resistance, giving further support to my recommending higher doses.

Although not all studies have been consistent and demonstrating a reversal of insulin resistance with vitamin D supplementation, the studies that have shown benefits in reversign insulin resistance have been the studies demonstrating blood serum 25-hydroxvitamin D (or 25-OH-D) concentrations that were at least in the range of 35 - 42 ng/ml. This may suggest that high doses may be needed to see a benefit in the prevention, and possible reversal of insulin resistance.

Decreased Risk of Breast and Colon Cancer Associated with Supplementation

As a former practicing board-certified Ob/Gyn, I had many patients who had a history of breast cancer, or a family history of breast cancer. Colon cancer was also a concern, as its incidence is second to breast cancer. A decreased risk of breast and colon cancer (and possibly prostate cancer) has been associated when blood serum levels of 25-hydroxvitamin D (25-OH-D) are 40 ng/ml or above. For most women, this would require a dailly dose near 4000 IU/day.

I had many patients using tamoxifen to treat or suppress the recurrence of breast cancer. However, tamoxifen has its own concerns (among them possible endometrial cancer). Interestingly, much like drugs that are used to treat breast cancer, such as tamoxifen, vitamin D enters breast cancer cells and triggers apoptosis; whicself-destruction, or "cellular death," of cancer cells. Actually, several various antioxidants; e.g., turmeric extract, polyphenolic compounds; such as grape seed extract, cruciferous extract, resveratrol, green tea extract, and olive extract) all cause apoptosis, or cellular self-destruction. The benefit of apoptosis compared to chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy is that it causes cancer cell dealth without toxicity or destruction to normal cells.

Although the knowledge and use of antioxidants to kill cancer cells is as of yet limited, and thefore too early to be used to replace current toxic therapies for cancer, there is much promise for vitamins and other antioxidants in the near future. According to the research, I am a believer that antioxidants, and like substancs may help to prevent to the initiation of cancer, and therefore, along with a proper diet and lifestyle, everyone should be taking quaility supplements.

Specifc to this article, as I have searched to find out what dose of vitamin D women "should be" taking for preventative measures against breast, ovarian, and colon cancer, I have discovered that the studies have shown an association between women whose serum 25-OH-D levels of at least 52 ng/ml or higher and a 50% decreased incidence of breast cancer. Ovarian and colon cancers are similar in that there is a significant decreased incidence when 25-OH-D levels are above 50 ng/ml; and particular when they reach 80 ng/ml.

As I speak on the "Power of Nutritional Supplementation," both in lectures and on my audio CD, I suggest that among other nutrients, when one considers there are so many potential health benefits to be obtained from nutritional supplementation of specific vitamins, let alone a full-range of quality supplements, with virtually no toxic effects, I have to ask why would anyone wait to supplement?

Reduced Risk of Heart Disease Associated with Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of both ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease. Supplementation also helps control blood pressure, it influences parathyroid hormone levels, influences the function of heart muscle, and plays a role in reduction of inflammation and calcification of blood vessels, thus helping to reduce atherosclerosis.

The risk for heart disease is particularly high when 25-OH-D blood levels are below 15 ng/ml. With 25-OH-D levels above 30 ng/ml cardiac benefits may possibly be significant. Obviously, more studies are needed to draw conclusions about this vitamin's role in maintaining and/or reducing cardiovascular disease, but once again, I can only say that there is now enough evidence when taken as a whole, for everyone to consider supplementing with adequate doses of this all-important vitamin for any or "all" of the potential health benefits.

Reduced Risk of Influenza with Vitamin D

It is well established that vitamin D reduces the incidence of respiratory infections. Children who have been found to have the lowest 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood levels are 11 times more likely to develop respiratory infections. I have been asked about the safety and effectiveness of children supplementing with this vitamin. One can only look to clinical information. Children with recurrent respiratory infections have been given as high a dose as 60,000 IU of vitamin D3 (the active form) each week (for six weeks), and found to have not one such infection for the following 6 months!

Many people suffer and die from influenza, or the "flu." They don't die of the viral infection per se, as much as they die from the body's over-reaction. The influenza virus causes an uncontrolled over-production of inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, vitamin D turns down this process by "down regulating" the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Actually, the pro-inflammatory cytokine process is the same inflammatory process that occurs in chronic disease, such as inflammation of arteries in atherosclerosis, inflammation in arthritis, damage to neurons, and inflammation and damage caused by cancer cells and by the aging process itself.

Think about the possibilities of reducing inflammation, by down regulating cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, etc.) and thus reducing the incidence and progression of many chronic degenerative diseases, including heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, respiratory infections, liver and kidney disease, and the aging process itself!

Regarding vitamin D (really a hormone) and the protection of respiratory infections and influenza, in addition to the down regulation of inflammatory cytokines, this unique hormone also up-regulates the expression of anti-microbial peptides in immune cells. Anti-microbial peptides damage the outer lipid membranes of influenza viruses, bacteria, and fungi allowing the white blood cells (macrophages) from the immune system to eliminate them from the body.

I suggest that adults and children supplement with much higher doses than what was has been traditionally recommended to reduce the incidence of respiratory infections and help support the immune system, particularly during winter months when exposure to sunlight is decreased.

Vitmain D May Help Reduce the Risk of Complications of Pregnancy

Maintaining health during pregnancy is a chief concern of mine because it is critical that women get proper cellular nutrition throughout their pregnancies. Optimal supplementation should take place before a woman even knows she's pregnant. This is one reason why I recommend all women of child-bearing age be on a full-spectrum of quality nutritional supplements. Now, with recent information about the benefits of vitamin D during pregnancy, the amount of vitamin D in prenatal vitamins is quite inadequate,...at least in my opinion.

Vitamin D plays a key role for calcium metabolism during pregnancy and development in order to prevent infantile rickets and adult osteomalacia. During pregnancy, calcium demands rapidly increase, particularly in the third trimester. Because of this, vitamin D, which is required for calcium incorporation into the bones becomes crucial for proper skeletal growth and optimal maternal and fetal outcomes. Despite widespread use of prenatal vitamins containing what is thought to be "adequate" doses of vitamin D, there is still a vitamin D deficiency epidemic among pregnant and lactating women.

It is even more important that a pregnant woman have optimal vitamin D blood levels than a non-pregnant woman, as her baby's health depends on it,...not only during fetal life, but during the next two decades of that baby's life!

Low vitamin D levels during pregnancy and infancy are associated with maternal preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension, neonatal low birth weight and hypocalcemia, poor postnatal growth, bone fragility, and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases and asthma of the child.

During pregnancy a minimum blood level of vitamin D (25-hydroxyVitamin D) should be at least 32 ng/ml or greater; and optimally closer to 50 ng/ml. In order to achieve and maintain 25-hydroxvitamin D serum levels at 32 - 50 ng/ml, I suggest that pregnant and lactating women would possibly need to supplement with a dose between 2000 and 4000 IU/day of vitamin D3 per day, which is both safe and effective. Of course, this is beyond the level found in all prenatal vitamins.

Childhood Asthma Linked to Vitamin D Deficiency

The asthma epidemic may be explained in part by the vitamin D deficiency epidemic. There is a direct correlation between low serum vitamin D levels and higher risks for asthma exacerbations. Vitamin D plays a role in fetal lung growth and development. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that higher prenatal vitamin D intake has a protective role against wheezing illnesses in children. Vitamin D may protect against wheezing illnesses through its multiple immune effects as discussed above. In addition, vitamin D may play a therapeutic role among asthmatics from becoming steroid resistant.

Above I indicated that vitamin D plays an important role in reducing the risk of respiratory infections. In children, and adults for that matter, with asthma, supplementation with high dose vitamin D is of even more importance, as a respiratory infection can trigger attack.

Measuring Your Vitamin D Status

The question on most people's mind is, "How much vitamin D is the right dose?" The best way to know one's "correct" dose is to know your 25-hydroxyVitamin D blood level. This is the metabolically-active form of vitamin D, and is also known as calcidiol. It is abbreviated as 25-OH-D. In the past, "adequate" blood levels were set to prevent rickets and then osteoporosis. The myriad benefits and safety of vitamin D is coming to light.

Most laboratories have a normal reference range for 25-OH-D of 32 - 100 ng/ml. After studying what many of the experts in the field of vitamin D deficiency treatment have recommended, it varying widely, I am in line with suggesting that one's "optimal" serum 25-OH-D level should be between 50 - 80 ng/ml.

What Dose of Vitamin D is Optimal?

The vitamin D dose required to attain a serum level range of 50 - 80 ng/ml will vary from person to person, mostly based upon body mass (weight) and sun exposure. Although this will vary considerably, a 150 lb person who supplements with 2000 IU of vitamin D per day may attain blood level range of 25-OH-D between 30 and 45 ng/ml, depending upon sun exposure. In my experience, it seems that this same person may need to take 4000 IU/day, or more, to attain optimal blood levels between 50 and 80 ng/ml.

Again, from my experience, and it this will vary widely. A person who weighs 225 lbs. may require a dose of 10,000 IU/day to maintain 25-hydroxyVitamin D blood serum levels between 50 and 80 ng/ml. A person's true dose can only be determined by blood tests and titration (adjustments based upon the blood tests).

My suggestion would be to start with vitamin D at either 4000 to 6000 IU/day, depending upon your weight; or you may safely opt to take 10,000 IU/day, and then have your 25-OH-D blood level tested about 6 to 8 weeks later. Your optimal blood level target range for optimal health is 50 - 80 ng/ml. Therefore, once you know your blood level, you may adjust your daily vitamin D intake accordingly.

Are High Doses of Vitamin D Safe?

Is long-term "high dose" of vitamin D3 safe? There may be concern that high doses of vitamin D may elevate serum calcium levels and cause kidney stones in those at risk. There was a study in which vitamin D deficient patients received either a single oral, or a single intramuscular injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D and followed for 12 weeks. During the 12 weeks not one person had elevated levels of serum calcium (or hypercalcemia).

This doesn't mean that chronic super high doses of vitamin D will not raise blood calcium levels; however, there are no credible reports of vitamin D toxicity with chronic daily vitamin D3 supplementation up to 10,000 IU/day, including elevation of blood calcium. In fact, many vitamin D expert clinicians are routinely recommending doses well above 10,000 IU/day. Hypercalcemia (an elevated serum calcium level) is only observed with synthetic vitamin D analogues, such as calcitriol.

Since it is safe for most people to supplement with vitamin D with doses as high as 10,000 IU/day (and possibly higher) without concern, my recommendation of a starting dose between 4000 - 6000 IU/day is quite conservative.

Are there Contraindications for High-Dose Vitamin D?

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the main contraindication. Also, high dose vitamin D3 supplementation may cause elevation of serum calcium levels in patients with sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, or lymphoma. Therefore, in such cases, patients dosing with levels above 2000 IU per day should do so only with caution AND under the care and direction of a physician.

One Last Word: Maintain Proper Ratios and Balance of Vitamins

Vitamin D3 is obviously safe. It has been underestimated as an important vitamin for many decades for maintaining optimal health at least, and possibly for reducing the risk of many chronic diseases if boosted to optimal blood levels. However, as will all vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, essential fatty acids, or any other nutrient, vitamin D should be taken in balance! All nutrients should be used to supplement a healthy diet, and used in conjunction with exercise and a healthy lifestyle.

Balance and proper ratios of nutrients are critical, as in the case of vitamin D with vitamin A. Vitamin A can neutralize the beneficial effects of vitamin D. In addition, many people are aware that high doses of vitamin A can be toxic to the liver and cause birth defects. However, most are not aware that vitamin A and vitamin D compete for each other's function in the body. Supplementing with excess amounts of vitamin A can suppress the important cancer-fighting effects of vitamin D.

Most multivitamin preparations contain vit A. Vitamin A (or pre-formed vitamin A) is different from pro-vitamin A, or beta-carotene. Beta-carotene does not interfere with vitamin D. Nor is beta-carotene associated with birth defects or liver problems.

Therefore, in choosing a quality, broad spectrum supplement brand, it is my suggestion to choose one that provides beta-carotene (a.k.a. "pro-vitamin A"), not vitamin A. This is just one of many criteria in choosing a quality supplement brand. As it relates to this article, choose a supplement that provides a daily dose of vitamin D3 of at least 2000 IU/day,...and consider taking at least 4000 IU/day and having your blood tested to achieve the target range of 50 - 80 ng/ml.

We should never rely on one vitamin, juice, or magic potion to cure all our problems. However, we should not ignore the ever-emerging evidence and promise that science is uncovering of the benefits nature has to offer in helping us to maintain optimal health.

I am a major proponent of using a broad spectrum of high quality vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids at proper doses and balance, along with healthy eating and proper lifestyle. I do not claim that all the answers are found in one vitamin or antioxidant, but many of the answers to optimal health are found in the synergistic action of the blend and balance of the fullest range of supplementation we are willing to incorporate into our lives.

Decreasing Your Risk For Preeclampsia (High Blood Pressure) During Pregnancy

Preeclampsia, or high blood pressure during pregnancy, remains one of the top diseases of pregnant women. Preeclampsia today causes premature delivery, major complications, and even death of mom and baby. A whopping 7-10% of all pregnant women develop signs of preeclampsia. What can you do about it? New evidence shows that vitamin supplementation can reduce the risk of preeclampsia and the terrible problems that it can cause!

Preeclampsia is a disorder that occurs only during pregnancy and the postpartum period and affects both the mother and the unborn baby. Affecting at least 5-8%, and as high as 10% of all pregnancies, it is a rapidly progressive condition characterized by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine. Swelling, sudden weight gain, headaches and changes in vision are important symptoms; however, some pregnant women with rapidly advancing disease report few symptoms.

Severe preeclampsia requires not only treatment of blood pressure but also childbirth of the baby, regardless of the gestational age. Under these adverse conditions, the baby is not going to continue growing, and even more dangerous - mom's life is at risk!

Those at risk include:

• Women less than 20 years old


• Women older than 40 years old


• Obese women


• Women with preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy


• Having a family history of preeclampsia


• Twins or triplets (multiple gestation)


• Pre-existing medical problems:


• Chronic hypertension


• Diabetes


• Kidney disease


• Autoimmune disease


• Anti-phospholipid syndrome

The main signs of preeclampsia are high blood pressure and protein in the urine. Pregnant women with preeclampsia may also have:

• Swelling (edema) of the hands and feet


• Sudden weight gain (5 or more pounds in one week)


• Problems with vision, such as blurriness or flashing lights


• Severe headaches


• Dizziness


• Intense pain in the upper right part of the belly.

Pregnant women with mild preeclampsia often have no obvious symptoms. So if you have it, you may not suspect that anything is wrong.

Preeclampsia is usually detected during a routine prenatal visit. That's one reason why it's important to keep all your appointments during your pregnancy. During prenatal visits, the health care provider measures your blood pressure and checks your urine for protein. If preeclampsia is diagnosed, it can usually be managed before it becomes serious.

SOLVING THE PROBLEM... NATURALLY
Evidence shows you CAN decrease your chance of getting preeclampsia during pregnancy.

The oral intake of Vitamin C 1000 mg and Vitamin E 400 IU each day significantly reduces the chance of getting preeclampsia.

You should take 1000mg of vitamin C and 400IU of Vitamin E every day, starting as soon as you know you're pregnant! Studies by Chappell (Lancet 1999 and Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002) have shown that taking 1000 mg of Vitamin C and 400 IU of Vitamin E a day beginning early in pregnancy can reduce the risk of preeclampsia by a staggering 76 percent. Preeclampsia is one of the biggest causes of premature birth, low birth weight babies, can lead to liver and bleeding problems in mom, and even death! Remember, up to 15% of preterm births are a result of preeclampsia.

However, starting antioxidant therapy once preeclampsia becomes a factor is not effective - it is too late! Even starting vitamins therapy at 24 weeks or later may be too late, as many of the changes that cause preeclampsia will already have occurred.

Taking care of your health will help ensure the health of your baby during pregnancy and a safe delivery when giving birth.

Disclaimer: The Safe Baby System and the information in this article are for educational purposes only and are not a replacement for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always consult a doctor or other qualified health provider regarding any medical condition and before beginning any diet or exercise regimen and before taking any dietary supplements or other medications. Any information obtained through hyperlinked words or phrases to another web page does not reflect the advice or opinions of Dr. Mark Zakowski.

FDA Disclaimer: The statements made herein have not been evaluated by the FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration). They are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Jobst Compression Stockings May Help Prevent Leg Discomforts During Pregnancy

As you begin to put on more water weight from your pregnancy, you may begin to notice that your feet and ankles will become swollen towards the end of the day. You may begin to suffer from nightly leg cramps and the onset of varicose veins. All of these symptoms are normal in a pregnant woman, but there are ways to help prevent and even stop them.

The extra weight and the extra work your body does for the growing baby can cause leg cramping, swollen feet and ankles, and varicose veins. You should try and avoid standing and sitting in one position for long periods of time. This will just add to the symptoms. Because of the extra stress to your legs, ankles, and center of gravity (body's core), your blood has trouble being pumped back to your heart. The slow return of the blood in the legs can cause swelling and some blood will accumulate in the veins and cause unsightly varicose veins. Refraining from excessive walking and physical activity can help relief some of the discomforts, but one of the best options is to wear compression stockings before the symptoms begin.

Compression stockings are not your everyday pair of socks. They are a medically proven way to relive pain caused by minor leg issues. They work by assisting in the circulation of the blood in your legs. They offer gradual compression to you leg. The compression starts tight at the ankle and gradually lessens up the leg. This compression provides support and allows for better blood circulation. Using compression stockings before you begin seeing symptoms can be a great option. This will allow the circulation of blood as you put on more weight and help prevent some of the discomforts and the severity of varicose veins. The stockings can also provide relief on the symptoms that have already occurred as well. Some elderly people are recommended to wear the stockings every day as a precaution and to help with existing symptoms.

A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Newborn Baby Diseases

Holding your new born baby in your hands is an experience truly unexplainable with words. The next step to taking care of your fragile little baby is to know the diseases related to a new born baby and the necessary steps to be taken to avoid further problems.

Jaundice

Most common disease seen in a new born is jaundice. Almost all the babies are born with mild levels of jaundice. But there is nothing to worry. If the disease seems to extend to more than 2 or 3 weeks, call your doctor. Jaundice in new born is common because, the baby's body as accumulated waste products. Normally, mother's body would have removed it, but now the baby's own body has to do this. So it takes time. That period is reflected as jaundice.

Erythroblastosis fetalis (Hemolytic disease of the new born)

If the mother has Rh negative blood and the baby has Rh positive blood, the mother's body assumes the Rh positive blood of the baby as a foreign particle. The immediate result would be to produce antibodies to fight this Rh positive blood. This doesn't however affect the first conceived child. The second conceived child which is Rh positive will be born blue due to lack of oxygen.

For this new born baby disease there are injections which will neutralize these antibodies and save the child from being born blue.

Viral infections

Chicken pox, polio, HIV and the list goes on. To prevent such viral infections, hygiene is the key. Nowadays vaccines have come up to save the diseases from affecting the new born. These vaccinations should be provided as soon as possible and the booster doses should be provided as well.

In case the mother is suffering from Herpes or any other STD, the baby has a chance of being infected by the virus while travelling out of the birth canal. Eyes are prone to infection this way.

Flu

Flu is one of the common diseases that attack neonates. Coughing, sneezing and breathing troubles are some of the common symptoms. This is sometimes accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting and fever. Many safe and tested drugs are there to control flu.

Polio

A deadly and severely extremities deforming disease, polio attacks babies through contaminated water and food. Polio vaccine is an absolute essential and probably the only way to prevent the disease form affecting your baby. Not once, but the vaccine has to be administered twice an year within a gap of 3 or 6 months, depending on the age, till the age of 5.

Diseases of premature babies

Heart diseases are the most common premature baby diseases. Blood vessels closure (requires drugs and sometime surgery), brain damage, infections due to compromised immune system, eye problems, respiratory problems, etc.

All these are curable to give the baby a healthy and normal life.

CMS and JCAHO Healthcare Security Requirements Summary

Every healthcare organization/hospital accepting payment for Medicare and Medicaid patients is required to meet certain Federal standards called "Conditions of Participation" (CoPs).

These Federal requirements are promulgated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid to improve quality and protect the health and safety of patients. Compliance is based on surveys conducted by state agencies on behalf of the CMS. Conditions of Participation are regulatory standards hospitals agree to follow as a condition for receiving federal funding through the Medicare program.

Under an agreement with CMS, State healthcare licensure agencies conduct surveys of hospitals and enforce compliance with CoPs and ensure that Conditions of Participation are being practiced. Hospitals and other healthcare facilities are subject to random onsite reviews. Unannounced surveys can result from patient or public complaints or inquiries. Healthcare Security is an important element for the new 2006 Conditions of Participation.

CONDITIONS of PARTICIPATION
Department of Health & Human Services
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
(Healthcare Security)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A-0038

Title 42CFR, Volume 3 - §482.13 Condition of Participation: Patients' Rights

A hospital must protect and promote each patient's rights

Interpretive Guidelines §482.13

These requirements apply to all Medicare or Medicaid participating hospitals including short-term, acute care, surgical, specialty, psychiatric, rehabilitation, long-term, childrens' and cancer, whether or not they are accredited. This rule does not apply to critical access hospitals. (See Social Security Act (the Act) §1861(e)).

These requirements, as well as the other Conditions of Participation in 42 CFR §482, apply to all parts and locations (outpatient services, provider-based entities, inpatient services) of the Medicare participating hospital.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A-0057

Title 42, Volume 3 CFR - §482.13(c)(2) The patient has the right to receive care in a safe setting.

Interpretive Guidelines for §482.13(c)(2)

The intention of this requirement is to specify that each patient receives care in an environment that a reasonable person would consider to be safe. For example, hospital staff should follow current standards of practice for patient environmental safety, infection control and security. The hospital must protect vulnerable patients, including newborns and children. Additionally, this standard is intended to provide protection for the patient's emotional health and safety as well as his/her physical safety. Respect, dignity and comfort would be components of an emotionally safe environment.

Survey Procedures §482.13(c)(2)

o Review and analyze patient and staff incident and accident reports to identify any incidents or patterns of incidents concerning a safe environment. Expand your review if you suspect a problem with safe environment in the hospitals.

o Review QAPI, safety, infection control and security (or the committee that deals with security issues) committee minutes and reports to determine if the hospital is identifying problems, evaluating those problems and taking steps to ensure a safe patient environment.

o Observe the environment where care and treatment are provided.

o Observe and interview staff at units where infants and children are inpatients. Are appropriate security protections (such as alarms, arm banding systems, etc.) in place? Are they functioning?

o Review policy and procedures on what the facility does to curtail unwanted visitors or contaminated materials.

o Access the hospital's security efforts to protect vulnerable patients including newborns and children. Is the hospital providing appropriate security to protect patients? Are appropriate security mechanisms in place and being followed to protect patients?

Exceptions:

The use of handcuffs or other restrictive devices applied by law enforcement officials who are not employed by or contracted by the hospital is for custody, detention, and public safety reasons, and is not involved in the provision of health care. Therefore, the use of restrictive devices applied by and monitored by law enforcement officers who are not employed or contracted by the hospital, and who maintain custody and direct supervision of their prisoner are not governed by §482.13(f)(l-3). The individual may be the law enforcement officer's prisoner but he/she is also the hospital's patient. The hospital is still responsible for providing safe and appropriate care to their patient. The condition of the patient must be continually assessed, monitored and reevaluate.

JCAHO - 2006
(Healthcare Security)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations evaluates and accredits more than 18,000 healthcare organizations and programs throughout the United States. Hospitals aggressively seek Joint Commission accreditation to meet Medicare certification and licensure requirements. Accreditation is also a condition of reimbursement for many insurers and other payers. In addition, JCAHO Accreditation reduces the hospital's liability insurance premiums. Beginning in 2006 JCAHO will conduct all surveys without prior notice.

The Joint Commission has accredited hospitals for more than 50 years and today accredits over 80 percent of the nation's hospitals. The Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services (CMS) have required JCAHO accreditation by US hospitals since 1965 as a 'Condition of Participation' requirement in order for them to receive Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements.

The Joint Commission and Healthcare Security

The Joint Commission's Standards address the hospital's performance in specific areas, and specify requirements to insure that patients are provided a safe and secure environment. 2006 Environment of Care© requirements include, but are not limited to the following:

o Development and maintenance of a written Security Management Plan to include an Emergency Management Plan.

o Conduct an annual Risk Assessment that evaluates the potential adverse impact of the external environment on the security of patients, staff, and others coming to the facility.

o Use the risks identified to select and implement procedures and controls to achieve the lowest potential for adverse impact on security.

o Identify, as appropriate, patients, staff and other people entering the facility.

o Access Control / Physical Protection - control access to and egress from security sensitive areas, as determined by the organization.

o Mitigate Violence in the Emergency Department and other locations.

o Education and Training - staff, licensed practitioners, and volunteers have the knowledge and skills necessary to perform their responsibilities within the environment.

o Develop and implement a proactive infant abduction prevention plan.

o Include information on visitor/provider identification as well as identification of potential abductors/abduction situations (during staff orientation and in-service curriculum programs).

o Enhance parent education concerning abduction risks and parent responsibility for reducing risk and then assess the parents' level of understanding.

o Attach secure identically numbered bands to the baby (wrist and ankle bands), mother, and father or significant other immediately after birth.

o Footprint the baby, take a color photograph of the baby and record the baby's physical examination within two hours of birth.

o Require staff to wear up-to-date, conspicuous, color photograph identification badges.

o Discontinue publication of birth notices in local newspapers.

o Consider options for controlling access to nursery/postpartum unit such as swipe-card locks, keypad locks, entry point alarms or video surveillance (any locking systems must comply with fire codes).

o Consider implementing an infant security tag or abduction alarm system.

Material in this brochure provided to Accutech-ICS (www.Accutech-ICS.com) by Security Assessments International, Inc., http://www.saione.com

Disclaimer

The information provided by Accutech-ICS.com and SAI is in accordance with our understanding of current JCAHO and CMS Regulations. It is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered 'legal' advice. Please consult with your legal counsel or Compliance Officer for clarification of laws and rules related to your State when applicable.

Accutect-ICS.com and SAI are not affiliated with the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.

www.Accutech-ICS.com and SAI - ©January, 2006

Methods to Stop Snoring During Pregnancy

If you have suddenly started snoring during pregnancy, consider it normal. Anytime during the 9 months of pregnancy, women start snoring but it is more normal during the last trimester. Snoring during pregnancy is usually based on the fact that the sudden increase in weight constricts the respiratory passages and puts pressure on the lungs leading to snoring. You might be snoring mildly or heavily depending upon individual constitution and weight gain. Not only would your partner or spouse be getting disturbed but it robs you of the much needed rest for the whole body and brain.

Though usually a minor disturbance, snoring during pregnancy can lead to severe health hazards not only for the mother but also for the unborn baby. If you have been feeling that you are sleep deprived and showing symptoms of daytime drowsiness, heightened irritability, memory problems, low concentration levels and poor alertness it is time to consult your gynaecologist or health care professionals to find the right snoring solution.

The onset of snoring usually brings on other related health hazards which can be harmful for both the mother and the baby. Snoring is a warning sign by the body that it is at a risk of developing diseases such as hypertension, heart related problems, diabetes, strokes and during pregnancy, preeclampsia is a risk that needs to be avoided.

If you or your spouse is confused with the sudden snoring episodes, it is good to understand the real reason behind your snoring. The ongoing noise of snoring not only affects the snorer but the bed partner. Thus, keeping in mind the well being and health of the 'would be' mother, unborn baby and the bed partner, it is best to look for a safe, non invasive snoring solution.

Usually excess weight gain, nasal congestion, pressure on the lungs due to increasing weight of the developing foetus are the leading causes of snoring during pregnancy. In most cases, snoring stops after delivery. Though in some cases, post natal snoring continues but snoring solutions can help you avoid the nightly discomfort and noise.

The sleep deprivation and fatigue that sets in due to snoring needs to be resolved at the earliest. The excess weight gain leads to layers of fat being deposited in and around the throat region which compresses the delicate breathing passages leading to soft tissue vibrations also called snores. Nasal congestions and breathing constrictions due to increasing pressure on the lungs is also a leading cause of snoring.
Using a variety of snoring remedies can help you stop snoring.

Nasal strips to widen the breathing passages while anti snoring nose drops lubricate the throat and nasal passages and help to smooth over the soft tissues causing lower vibrations. This puts a stop to snoring. Chin straps, mouth guards, throat sprays and nasal lubricating sprays work well for most people. As these snoring solutions are safe and devoid of any chemicals or are gadgets, there are no side effects. However, if you are sceptical of using anti snoring solutions, consult your doctor.

Being 1 Month Pregnant - What It Is All About

For many women, it is difficult to know that they are 1 month pregnant. It is only until the symptoms of pregnancy become evident that these women knew about it. So what are these symptoms? The first indicator is usually a missed period.

Then it may also be accompanied by sore breasts, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, light spotting, or mild cramping. If you are 1 month pregnant and is using the calendar method of calculation, it means one month since the start of the last menstrual period.

Ovulation usually occurs around the fourteenth day or midway through the menstrual cycle, and after the egg has been fertilized by the sperm, it takes another ten to fourteen days for the newly formed embryo to implant in the uterine lining. During implantation it is quite normal for some light spotting to occur, but if bleeding is heavy or bright or dark red then a physician should be consulted, that is if the woman knows she is pregnant. Otherwise, the spotting could be seen as the start of the menstrual cycle.

During the first month of pregnancy a lot is happening. Hormones are fluctuating, and periods of being extremely happy are exchanged for times of crying for no apparent reason! No wonder the women's partners can't quite figure out what is going on. This may be the reason why the women may cry for no apparent reason even when presented with her favorite food. Do look out for her strange behaviors too!

In addition to crazy hormone changes, appetite may change too. At 1 month pregnant nausea may occur from time to time, especially in the morning, and foods that were once favorites may smell too pungent to eat and cause a mad dash to the nearest restroom. Other significant changes are also occurring at this time. The amniotic sack is forming as is the umbilical cord, and until this process is complete, the yolk sack protects and provides nourishment to the developing fetus.

With all these changes going on at once, being 1 month pregnant is a significant time. Some women may not even know they are 1 month pregnant, and may not even suspect until the second month or so. These women may have experienced a lighter flow during their cycle, but not suspect anything until they miss their next period completely.

A planned pregnancy is much different because these women know before they are even 1 month pregnant that they are expecting; they know as soon as their cycle is a little off because they are looking for all the little signs of pregnancy, no matter how subtle. 1 month pregnant is just the beginning for the parents in this long journey of parenthood. You may have to go through this several times. Just take care of yourself and visit your gynecologist regularly.

Become Pregnant Naturally - Holistic Help For Conception

How to become pregnant naturally is a huge concern for many women today. The term 'infertility' is rampant, it's almost an epidemic. Many women are facing fertility problems in all corners of the world. As a response to this need, more and more doctors are prescribing fertility drugs such as Clomiphene Citrate to help women ovulate. The problem is, the side effects of many fertility drugs have proven to be detrimental to conception. For example, what clomiphene citrate does is cause cervical fluid to become scarce, and the reproductive hormones to become unbalanced.

The widespread use of chemical birth control has also taken a toll on women's reproductive hormones. More and more infertility and miscarriage cases have been reported over the last decade. Pregnancy has taken on a more 'medical' role than a natural and holistic one. If you want to become pregnant naturally, I have great news for you. This approach to preserving and encouraging fertility has been proven to be more effective and beneficial to man.

Here are the advantages of conceiving through natural means:

1. It's true that our bodies are build to give birth and conceive. If we take better care of ourselves, and make a conscious decision not to consume chemicals and preservatives, we wouldn't have issues with infertility.

2. Two of the best keys to understanding our bodies are through awareness and education. Always do your research; and never rely on one person's opinion or word about anything without proper research. This way, you are taking the control back over your body, as well as your fertility.

After seeing the horrible results of fertility drugs, I did some extensive research on natural and holistic remedies.

3. One good natural approach to fertility is the art of fertility charting. This is relatively simple - all you need is a basal body thermometer and a paper chart. You can easily determine ovulation and discover if you have possible fertility issues. It's just as essential to chart the cervical position and the cervical fluid with your basal body temperature. While it's true that being able to master the art of fertility charting takes time, the procedures will help you properly identify and possibly correct any minor fertility issues. This all boils down to a matter of getting to know your body better.

Once mastered, the art of fertility charting can help you become pregnant naturally. Eventually you can learn to properly identify and treat minor infertility with the use of natural remedies and methods.

Safe and Natural Ways to Treat Depression During Pregnancy

We live in a stressful environment, we don't eat as healthy a diet as we should, and even though we are always rushing to and fro, we get very little beneficial exercise. No wonder so many people are on anti-depressants these days. While anti-depressants often alleviate symptoms, there are many people who can't take them. Is there another option other than taking prescription drugs for treating depression? I recommend holistic therapies combined with fish oil supplements rich in omega-3 fatty acids to alleviate depression.

A mother of two was pregnant and feeling very down. Her physician recommended anti-depressants but this mother had a sensitivity to many medications and the side-effects often made her condition worse. She also feared what the consequences might be to her fetus if she took an anti-depressant medication while pregnant. Yet, her emotions and feelings were taking a toll on her, her husband, and her children. She was caught in a terrible bind. A friend recommended this expectant mom to me for holistic care.

She had heard that fish oil supplements rich in omega-3 fatty acids may alleviate depression. Scientists now believe that these healthy fats are beneficial to the brain development of a healthy baby while in the womb. But, there was one problem. This mom had an allergy to fish! She believed that by eliminating the allergy and supplementing with the vitamin fish oil, she could have her sense of well being back again.

I have holistically treated patients with depression many times, and have seen their serotonin levels improve while their symptoms diminished or were totally alleviated. Approximately 70 percent of the body's serotonin comes from the gut or small intestines. If the brain isn't getting its fair share of serotonin, people will feel depressed. By reprogramming the message in the brain regarding serotonin, we can re-establish normal serotonin levels naturally and regain a sense of wellness. However, caring for this particular patient was my first experience treating the blues without attempting to balance serotonin levels.

It took a few sessions to naturally eliminate the fish allergy. There were no shots or medication involved. The patient's body was " reset " to not react - to fish. And it took the patient ten weeks of supplementing 1000 mg. of fish oil daily to disperse the overwhelming feelings of despondency.

Now the mom comes to our facility with her new baby as happy as can be. No postpartum depression or anxiety. And, she can eat grilled fish without any symptom.

Yes, there is a way to treat depression without drugs. Seeing a holistic practitioner may help you overcome underlying emotional connections, re-establish hormonal balance, and eliminate any nutritional allergy.
It is interesting that in the February 8th issue of Newsweek, it was reported that antidepressants are no more effective than placebos. That after 10 years of scientific research, it has been concluded that; taking a sugar pill or tic tac works as well as antidepressants.

Single Embryo Transfer: Financial Pros and Cons

Single embryo transfer has become a hot topic for couples trying to conceive, and presents a challenging set of questions to consider before completing an IVF cycle. There are many factors to consider, and money often plays a big role. With an uncertain outcome, financial considerations hinge on probabilities. This article considers three possible outcomes and examines financial considerations for each: single transfer success, multiple single transfer attempts, and the hidden costs of multiple-birth.

Single Embryo Transfer Success

Single embryo transfer for IVF works best for couples with at least one healthy embryo, and a high probability of achieving life birth. Single embryo transfers greatly reduce the chances of multiple-birth as only one embryo is implanted. Multiple pregnancies are often high risk, and multiple-birth is associated with a greater chance of pre-term delivery, cerebral palsy, and other birth related conditions.

But transferring a single embryo may increase the costs need to get pregnant. For couples with insurance that covers In Vitro Fertilization there are often limits on the number of cycles that might be covered. The majority of couples have insurance plans with no IVF coverage at all, and they must pay all costs out-of-pocket. So extra IVF cycles drives up the costs of getting pregnant.

The surest way to drive down IVF costs is to minimize the number of cycles needed to get pregnant. Transferring multiple embryos increases the odds of conception, and lowers the cost of conception for couples who must pay out-of-pocket.

So why transfer just one embryo? The cost of getting pregnant is not the whole story. When the cost and probability of multiple-birth are taken into consideration, a far different picture emerges. Couples with at least one health embryo and a high probability of success may find single embryo transfer a very cost-effective alternative.

Multiple Transfer Attempts

The immediate downside from a cost standpoint to single transfers is the greater need for additional cycles. Each cycle needed to get pregnant increases costs. Two healthy embryos have a greater chance of conception than one health embryo. These costs are very visible and come at the beginning of the process. The costs of multiple-pregnancy are hidden, very uncertain, and occur sometime in the future, making the single/multiple embryo transfer question a very difficult choice.

Hidden Costs of Multiple Pregnancy

Most couples are unaware of the hidden costs of multiple-pregnancy, and are unprepared as a result. Compounding the problem, many couples exhaust savings and/or take on debt to pay for the infertility treatments needed to get pregnant. When these hidden costs arise, they find themselves in a financial bind. Some hidden costs include but are not limited to: lost income prior to delivery, extra hospital bills for a NICU stay, lost income after delivery to care for premature infants after hospital discharge, and un-reimbursed medical expenses to diagnose developmental delays.

Single embryo transfer helps minimize these hidden costs.

Maternity Coverage and Health Insurance - What You Should Know

Having a baby is an exciting event, but things like picking names, buying clothes, and planning for a baby shower need to come second to maternity coverage. You need to make sure that you have the proper health insurance in place so that you don't wind up with thousands of dollars in medical bills just because you wanted to start a family. Some employer coverage includes maternity care while others will offer it a la carte for an extra charge. There are some insurance companies, although they are rare, that won't cover maternity care at all.

When you are shopping for a maternity health insurance plan, you need to make sure that you get all the coverage that you need. Things that should be covered include:

-Doctor office visits
-Ultrasounds
-Hospital admission
-Diagnostic testing
-Delivery and recovery
-Complications, including premature births and c-section procedures
-Prescriptions for pre-natal wellness and health
-Anesthesia
-Newborn well baby check-ups and shots

If a health insurance plan offers maternity coverage without any one of these elements, you need to keep shopping. While the hospital stay and the delivery are going to be the most expensive, you still don't need doctor bills piling up or to miss out on vitamins and medications that you need because you cannot afford them.

Maternity coverage is designed to offer care from conception until birth, as well as covering the baby's wellness check-ups for the first few months of its life. Once the maternity coverage has run out, you will have to switch your child to your regular health insurance so that they can continue to get coverage as a dependent. Having maternity coverage entitles you to so many different benefits that you cannot do without.

One option that some newly pregnant women have is state-funded assistance programs. Some states mandate that programs are in place for pregnant women and their medical care, while others will only offer assistance to low-income women who become pregnant. Either way, there are options available other than private health insurance for people who need them. In order to make the most of your maternity coverage, you need to explore all of your options and choose what is best for you. If you are in the planning stages of getting pregnant, you should get insurance as soon as possible to avoid the risk of waiting periods that may be imposed before you can benefit from the maternity coverage that you purchase.

If you need assistance in locating particular coverages at a pre-determined price, we can help you save up to 50% on your health insurance.

Are You Really Self Employed?

Benefits of self employment
There are benefits to the employer. The ease of sacking and the financial benefits of no employer's national insurance, no pension contributions, no sickness and holiday pay etc.

The main advantage to the worker is the reduction in national insurance and the ability to claim expenses such as, wages to family members, use of home, travel costs etc.

This is from the different wording of the act. Allowable expenses for the self employed need to be "wholly and exclusively for the purposes of earning the profits of the trade".

For employees they must be "incurred wholly, exclusively and necessarily in the performance of the duties of the employment".

There is also the cash flow advantage. The self-employed do not suffer deduction of tax at source. As with all planning it is necessary to commit all the figures to paper to completely understand the financial implications and result.

The statutory position
Neither employee nor employer is defined in the Taxes Acts.

Common law differentiates on the basis that an employee has a contract of employment whereas a self employed person works to a contract for service.

The difference can be explained by the example of your house being painted. Who does the work? Is it the person who quoted or someone on his behalf?

The person who quoted is clearly self-employed but is his worker an employee? Is he under the control of the man who quoted or has he sub contracted his services?

To resolve this question you must review many aspects of how that person carries out his duties. You cannot just run through the check list on the HMR&C web site but you must paint a picture from the information gathered from that review. Then review the picture and make a decision.

The indicia
Opportunity to profit
An employee is paid a set sum under his contract whereas a self-employed person can profit from his actions. He may also lose money; an employee cannot.

Employees are remunerated for the hours they work whereas a self-employed person is usually paid for the job or task he has performed so the profit is in his own hands. He can adjust overheads and time; also he can take on help to complete the contract.

Employees cannot and cannot influence their return and they take no risk.

Mutuality of obligations
The length of a contract is not conclusive one way or the other. Employees often enter short term employment contracts.

What is important is that the self-employed can decline work and in effect select the work they want to do. Employees would be sacked if they declined work. Make sure the contract is per job or for a fixed term.

This assumed importance in the case (Sp C 599 Parade Park Hotel) which is useful in determining the meaning of mutual obligations.

It means that so long as the contractor is not obliged to offer a new contract and as long as you can decline work, then mutuality of obligation does not exist.

This was confirmed in the case of Bridges and others v Industrial Rubber plc where the contractual absence of a promise to provide work and the counter promise to do it was inconsistent with a contract of employment regardless of the other conditions of the working relationship.

Tax
Make it clear in the contract that the sub contractor is responsible for his own tax and national insurance and receives no benefits e g. no sick pay; no holiday pay and no pension contributions are paid on his behalf. It would be wise for the sub-contractor to register for VAT.

Tools
A self-employed worker usually provides the tools necessary to do the job.

Employees such as tradesmen usually supply the necessary hand tools. Larger items of equipment would be provided by the employer, the self-employed sub-contractor would provide them himself even if leased.

Work standard
For any engager the standard of work performed is important. An employer will require the employee to correct any unsatisfactory work but it is done in the employer's time.

A self-employed person must perform the contract to an acceptable standard according to the terms of the contract. Any unsatisfactory work is put right in his own time and at his own expense.

Organisation
It is important as to how workers are viewed by the neutral. An explanation of this item is outlined by the following example taken from the HMR&C web site.

"Someone taken on to manage a client's staff will normally be seen as an integral part of the client's organisation and this may be seen as a strong indicator of employment."

One "employer"
Most people explain that if you work for only one engager or contractor you cannot be self-employed.

I agree that the more firms worked for the more likely a person is to be self-employed. Only one engager is not conclusive of employment.

You could have three concurrent employments. A good example of one engager not preventing self-employment would be lorry drivers. If you look at the driver's door of a lorry you will see an indication of what I mean.

It is clear that if you supply the major equipment you are more likely to be self-employed.

Nothing can be deduced from part time work as both an employee and a self-employed person can work part time. A person can work for more than one engager.

He can have more than one employment; more than one engager but within the self-employed status. An employee under a contract of employment can also be self-employed at the same time.

Materials
If a subcontractor does not want to meet the cost of materials get the contractor to allow the sub-contractor to use his suppliers' accounts and enjoy the same discounts. He will, of course, meet the cost from the recharge in the contract price.

Employment contract
If a contract requires a worker to provide personal services and requires the person who engages that person to remunerate him for those services that is likely to be a contract of service and thus an "employment" contract.

Such a contract will go on to specify all the other conditions and requirements of the engager i.e. working hours, holidays, sickness, discipline, grievances etc. So avoid reference to specific days or hours to be worked.

Substitution
A clause that specifies that a worker can send a substitute in his place or engage other workers to help him fulfill his obligations under the contract is very important in considering the overall balance of the factors and must be in every self-employed contract.

This is one of the strongest single indicia of self-employment. Dr Avery Jones in the case Talentcore Ltd v Commissioners for HMR&C found that the substitution issue was more important than the control factor.

Again I must stress that the actions of the parties must mirror the contract so it would be wise to ensure that substitution takes place during the life of the contract or that help is engaged. The point is that under a contract of employment it is the worker that is employed and it is his labour that is pledged. The labour of someone else must mean a contract for rather than of service.

HMR&C acknowledges that it is the right of substitution that is important. The fact that the substitution has not occurred during a contract is not necessarily relevant. However, a contractual right will be ignored if in reality the worker must undertake the work personally. Dragonfly Consultancy Limited v HMRC (2008)

Payment
Most employees are paid by the hour, week, month or are on an annual salary.

The self-employed are usually paid by the job.

I find no difficulty in turning a day rate to payment per job. Take a bricklayer; he knows from the plans how long the job will take. Let us say four days and assume his rate two hundred pounds per day. He simply quotes eight hundred pounds for the contract.

Like all the indicia no one item is crucial. It is the balance between them all. HMR&C place considerable reliance on the method of payment but as I have said it is only one item.

Make sure, for example, that he hires the necessary scaffolding!!

Financial risk
There is virtually no financial risk to an employee. The self-employed risk their money. HMR&C indicate that "The risk of making a loss is a very strong indicator of self-employment and can be decisive on its own".

Make sure you take out all the necessary insurances to include public liability and professional indemnity.

If you undertake work at home make sure with your broker that your home insurance covers any risk.

Control
An employee is usually subject to a large degree of control although not always exercised in practice. He is also told how to do the job, although an expert such as a brain surgeon would be free of that control.

Also an employee's hours of work, the place where he carries out the contracted work and other practical items are controlled by the employer.

In the case of Market Investigations Ltd. v The Minister of Social Security the Judge said "The most that can be said is that control will no doubt always have to be considered, although it can no longer be regarded as the sole determining factor"

The self employed are free of this control. See J and C Littlewood (T/a J L Window and Door Services) and Anor v R & C Commrs. January 2009 for the importance of this subject.

The more people that know you are self-employed the better your case will be on any challenge.

Top Things to Remember in Newborn Baby Feeding

Taking care of a small child, no matter how fulfilling it may be, is still quite a difficult task. Everything that is concerned with this feat should be done correctly - down to the smallest details possible, especially newborn baby feeding.

Feeding a baby is one of the first things that both the mother and child should learn how to do. It may sound simple, but experience will prove otherwise. Usually, a female in her postpartum period will immediately lactate and produce breast milk two to six days after the baby is born, but this does not guarantee that she will instantly know how to properly nurse her babe.

You see, newborn baby feeding is a tricky job and mistakes can be very costly. Being a crucial stage in parenthood, a mother should really know the very details of how to feed her young. And as the little one still doesn't have the ability to tell you what he wants or needs, you will have to figure them out yourself. To do that, however, here are some tips that you may find handy.

1. Learn the basic information on nursing your young. Knowledge on the very basic items on how your child needs food can be very helpful, especially for new mothers. Knowing that breast milk is always best for babies; that newborns usually need to breast feed for about eight to twelve times daily; and that the mother's lifestyle can also affect the supply of breast milk are just some of the first information that will come in handy in becoming a parent.

2. Feed only on demand, but make sure to really breastfeed regularly. By feeding on demand, your body will be able to better understand your child's feeding patterns. This will also help the mother learn whether something is wrong with the child and help her avoid pain through conditions like breast engorgement.

3. Learn your baby's cues. Not every cry means that your child is hungry, so be on the lookout for other cues that will help you tell whether he needs feeding or when he's already full.

4. Learn when weaning is already necessary. Sure, breast milk is still the best form of food for babies, but sooner or later, you will need to introduce him to other food as well. Make sure you know, however, when to do this and how to do it right so you can avoid any complications that may even put your child in danger. Taking the stand versus formula may be a good idea at first, but soon, it would already be something very handy.

5. Look at other signs of health. If you're worried that your child may not be getting enough food, you can easily use other ways to assess his health. If your child is gaining weight steadily, has good skin tone and showing signs of alertness and contentment when feeding, then you're on the right track.

Remember, with enough knowledge, newborn baby feeding shouldn't be that much of a handful.

Aetna Insurance - What to Expect From Aetna Health Insurance

Connecticut-based Aetna offers a wide variety of health insurance plans for families, individuals and students. Aetna also offers benefits through various employers throughout the United States. If you are interested in purchasing Aetna insurance, you should know that many of their plans are designed as Health Maintenance Organizations, or HMOs. This means that you will be required to select a medical provider from the network to be your Primary Care Physician. However, Aetna prides itself on offering choice to consumers and has a variety of other insurance options available. Nearly 19 million people in the United States receive medical insurance through Aetna.

Not all of Aetna's plans force patients to deal with an HMO. Aetna also offers several PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) Plans as well as a few more traditional options that allow patients to visit any provider they choose. Students can also choose to purchase Aetna insurance if they are not covered under their parents' plans. Most plans are competitively priced and, due to the network structure, may have lower deductibles than similar plans from other companies. Available plans may vary from state to state.

Aetna offers dental insurance as an addition to its health insurance plans, although dental is not offered as a stand-alone product. Benefits and rates will vary. Dental plans through Aetna are structured much like their medical insurance; you can choose a DHMO (Dental Health Maintenance Organization, or as Aetna calls it, a DMO), PPO, indemnity, or freedom-of-choice. People who choose to enroll in a DMO plan will be required to choose a Primary Care Dentist who will take care of all needed dental care. Preventive care is covered in full once every six months and basic procedures are covered after a co-pay has been determined. Aetna insurance also offers life and disability insurance for interested parties.

Although Aetna is one of the leading insurance providers on the market, like any other company it has both advantages and disadvantages. Aetna does impose pre-existing condition exclusion periods and performs extensive medical underwriting. Young mothers may want to consider another health insurance provider if they are pregnant and cannot cover the costs themselves. Aetna insurance does not cover maternity-related expenses; it does, however, cover pregnancy complications. Newborns are also covered for the first 31 days. Finally, Aetna does not provide insurance to anyone older than 64 職 years old. The broad coverage and competitive pricing Aetna provides may be enough to offset these drawbacks. Do your research before you make a final decision.

If you need assistance finding coverage with Aetna, please visit our website at http://www.health-insurance-buyer.com and provide your contact information so we can respond to your request and guide you.

History of the Maternity Bra

Mary Phelps Jacob was the first person to be granted a patent in the US for a garment which we would recognise today as a bra. This patent was awarded to Jacob in 1913. Two decades later in 1933, the S.H. Camp and Company developed a system whereby breast size could be fit into one of four sizes dependent on the size and degree to which the breast sagged. For convenience, the four sizes were labelled as A, B, C, and D. The 1933 issue of Corset and Underwear Review featured an advertisement by Camp which showed profiles of breasts labelled with these letters. Larger breasts and band sizes greater than 38 were not accommodated.

In 1937, the Warner company also began to feature cup sizing, using the four letter labelling scheme which Camp developed in advertisements for their products. Other companies also began to follow suit in the latter part of the 1930's. However, some companies, particularly the catalogue companies were slower to adopt the scheme, preferring to stick with the small, medium, and large sizes through the 1940's. Britain was also slow to catch on and didn't adopt what was becoming the American standard for cup sizing until the 1950's. Maidenform had been using seamless cups in their bras since 1933 but didn't adopt the use of A, B, C, and D, cup sizes until 1949.

In the 1930's though, other innovations were happening that would revolutionise not just the underwear industry, but the fashion industry in general. For example, the chemists at the Dunlop company successfully demonstrated a reliable way to turn rubber latex into elastic thread. This paved the way for man-made fibres to be incorporated into clothing and due to their easy-care nature they were very quickly adopted.

Bra manufacturers were quick to start using the new man-made materials since underwear, and bras in particular needed very frequent cleaning.

In 1943, Albert A. Glasser received a patent for something called a "nursing brassiere" although little innovation took place in this area of the market even after the baby boom which followed on from World War II. A nursing bra was little more than a conventional bra with an extra clip which released the cup from the strap, thus ceasing the requirement for the bra to be removed when nursing.

There are a number of different manufacturers and retailers selling maternity and nursing bras, some of which are the traditional, larger, underwear manufacturers and some are more specialist maternity wear retailers who make garments designed to accommodate a woman's breast that in some cases can fluctuate a whole cup size within an hour, in line with feeding times.

The next innovation that came along for nursing mothers was designed by Mary Sanchez who, in 1991, received a patent for her design of a clip.